By amending its legislation in 2005 to meet the requirements of the Eurovignette directive, Warsaw eliminated the obligation for heavy goods vehicles to pay motorway tolls - such vehicles only have to pay one fixed lump sum. Therefore, to compensate motorway operators for their loss in revenue, Poland introduced a so-called ‘shadow toll’, which for Autostrada Wielkopolska was to be achieved by keeping the internal rate of return (IRR) for its investment in the A2 motorway at the same level…
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